Antyeshti - 16th Shodasa Samskara

The human body is created from the Panchamahāboothās (the five elements) viz. earth, water, fire, air and ether. The body dissolves into the five elements at the end. The body is perishable but the soul is eternal. In the Bhagavad-Gita,

Lord Krishna says 

"Vāsāmsi jeernāni yathā vihāya navāni grihnāti naroparāni, thatā sareerāni vihāya jeernāni anyāni samyāti navāni dehi". 

“Just as a man discards worn out clothes and puts on new clothes, the soul discards worn out bodies and wears new ones.”

Antyeshti is the final Samskārā in the journey of jIvātma on this earth. In the Vedic tradition, the body cremated accompanied by rituals and chanting of mantras. On the third day, the sons collect the ashes and consecrate them in a holy river. Relatives are free from social obligations for ten days and allowed to be fully mourning the loss. Bhagavad Gita, Vishnusahasranāmam and other sacred texts are chanted during this period. On the eleventh day, there is a purification ceremony and on thirteenth day there is celebration and a feast as the jIvātma has now crossed over and reached its resting place.

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Samavartana - 14th Shodasa Samskara

Graduation day when the students graduate from the university is a big and memorable occasion in the life of a student. Samāvartana is the Vedic Samskārā which marks the end of student life and the beginning of a new one. The ceremony symbolizes stepping into a new chapter in life.

The student, established in knowledge and wisdom, shining like a radiant sun seeks the blessings of the Guru to enter a householder’s life. The student offers Guru Dakshina to his Guru.

It was called Snana because bathing formed the most important of the Samskārā . A student had two choices after this, he could get married, live the life of a householder or live a detached life. Later on, when the Upanayana Samskārā lost its educational significance, the original purpose of this Samskārā was lost and it became a license for marriage. Before a student took his bath, he had to ask the permission of his master to end his student career and satisfy with Guru Dakshina. 

A survey of the ceremony shows how high was the respect in which scholars, who had completed their education, were held by society in ancient India. At present the ceremony is reduced to an absurd simplicity. It is performed with the Upanayana or Vivāha and the only remains of the detailed bath procedure are the bath and the decoration of the person, that too without proper Vedic Mantras.

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Keshanta - 13th Shodasa Samskara

When a boy grows into his teens he attains maturity. Sprouts of hair appear on his chin and upper lip. The Keshānta Samskārā is performed in the sixteenth

A Tamil Hindu girl (center) 
in 1870 wearing a half-saree, 
flowers and jewelry from her 
Ritu Kala Sanskara rite of passage.

year for boys. An auspicious day is selected and worship of Lord Ganesha and family deities performed. With the chanting of mantras the boy’s hair is removed. This marks the transition from boyhood to adulthood. Godāna (gifting a cow) is part of the ceremony where the student gifts a cow to his Guru.

For girls, the ritushuddi ceremony is performed when she attains maturity - after menarche or first menstruation. This milestone in a girl's life is observed by her family and friends, with gifts and her wearing a sari for the ritual.

Subsequent to the Muslim invasion when Hindu religion suffered and early marriage became common, Keshānta began to be considered as marking the end of the Brahmacharya.

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Vedarambha - 12th Shodasa Samskara

Vedārambha means ‘beginning of learning Vedas’ and is performed on an auspicious date after the Upanayana. The Samskārā is elaborate and performed with Yagnās and chanting. 

This is the day when the child starts studying the Vedas under the Guru. Traditionally in the Guru Shishya Parampara, the student would learn the Vedas living with the Guru as part of his family. 

In the Vedārambha ceremony, the sacred fire is lit and the student takes a vow to be dedicated to serving his Guru and his family, living a life of discipline and balance with unwavering focus on acquiring knowledge and gaining wisdom.

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Upanayana - 11th Shodasa Samskara

Upanayana is one of the most important Samskārās in a person’s life. "Upa" means ‘close’ and "Nayana" means ‘to bring’. Upanayana means to bring closer to the Guru or Divine. The Upanayana ceremony is best done between the ages of six to eight years for boys although many perform it at a later age. It symbolizes spiritual rebirth and moving into the Brahmacharya stage of life. Traditionally Upanayana was done for women also but was discontinued a few centuries ago due to social conditions.

The child is initiated into the most sacred Gayatri mantra in the Brahmopadesham ceremony. He is taught the Sandhyāvandanam which is to be performed thrice every day. The Gayatri mantra is a prayer to invoke brilliance and purity in our intellect and consciousness. The three threads in the Yagnopaveetam represent the responsibility towards the one self, family and society. It can also be interpreted as responsibility towards the Rish, Pita(father) and the Divine. From the Rishis he gets knowledge, from his pita birth and by helping others he must free himself of his responsibility towards God.

The initiation is a passport to the literary treasures of the Hindus. Hindus made universal education the indispensable test and insignia of their community. By virtue of this ceremony the initiated is ranked as Twice born. 

By the end of the Upanishad period, the theory of the four ashramas seems to have become established and student’s life or Brahmacharya became a respected institution. This indicates that ancient Hindus attached great importance to education. 

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Vidyarambha - 10th Shodasa Samskara

Good education is a vital aspect in a child’s life. Every parent wants to see their children excel in studies and do well in all activities. Vidya means knowledge and ārambha is beginning.

In the Vedic tradition, Saraswati is the goddess of learning and knowledge. In the Vidyārambha ceremony Saraswati Pooja is performed to seek the blessings for the child. The child sits on the father’s lap and writes “ॐ” the primordial sound in a plate filled with rice grains. Subsequently the child is introduced to the world of alphabets. The child is then made to gift books and pens to other children. This cultivates generosity and the value of sharing in the child.

When the child was prepared to receive education, Vidyārambha is performed to mark its beginning, and alphabets, are taught. It marks the commencement of primary education. The ceremony is performed in the fifth year or the seventh but surely before the Upanayana ceremony. 

When the sun is in the northern hemisphere, an auspicious day is fixed for performing Vidyārambha. The child is required to bathe, be scented and decorated. Then Vinayaka, Sarasvati, family devata and Brhaspati are worshipped. Narayana, Lakhsmi, are paid respects. Homa is offered. The teacher faces the east, the child the west. The phrase “Salutation to Ganesha, Salutation to Sarasvati, salutation to family devas and devatas and salutation to Narayana and Laksmi”. After this “Om namah Siddhaya or salutation to Siddha”. Then the child gives salutation to the teacher, and the latter make the child read thrice what was written. The child presents clothes to the teacher, make three circumambulations round the devatas and seek everyone’s blessings.

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Karnavedha - 9th Shodasa Samskara

Wearing earrings is a common practice in many ancient cultures. The ear lobes have an important acupressure point. Neurologists in the west have done research linking the earlobes to two hemispheres of the brain.

Piercing ears is believed to help in developing intelligence and enhancing immunity against respiratory infections. Often in India when prostrating to Lord Ganesha, we gently tug at our ear lobes while doing sit-ups. This ancient practice is now being taught as a very popular yoga technique in the west to enhance intelligence and awareness in children.

Susruta says “Ears of a child should be bored for protection (from diseases in his opinion) and decoration”. He explicitly prescribes the boring of years for preventing of hydrocele and hernia. Thus, it is a precaution taken in early life so that the chances of the above diseases may me minimized later. 

The ceremony was performed on the 10th, 12th or 16th day after the birth according to Brhaspati. Different learned men have prescribed different days. Susruta prefers the 6th or 7th month taking physical facility into consideration. Susruta says a surgeon should pierce Ears while Sripati, a medieval writer says it should be the goldsmith.

The ceremony per say is simple. On an auspicious day the ceremony was performed in the first half of the day. The child was seated facing the east and given some sweets. Then the right ear was bored with the verse; “May we hear auspicious things through ears”. Susruta gives a very cautious procedure to the ceremony. After boring oil should be applied to the ears by means of a cotton thread or bougie.

On the day of performance Kesava (lord Vishnu), Hara (siva), Brahma, the sun, the moon, deities of quarters, nasatyas, Saraswati, the Brahmans and cows are revered. 

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Chudakarma/Mundana - 8th Shodasa Samskara

Our hair on the head is often called the crowning glory. It gives us protection from the elements and enhances beauty. Chudākarma or Mundana is the Samskārā where the child’s hair is cut for the first time. The Chudākarma ceremony marks a new phase of life for the child. It symbolizes cleansing, renewal and new growth. It is also said that the new hair that grows is strong and clean. Mantras are chanted as the child is given blessings of long life, prosperity and fame.

According to Susruta, “shaving and cutting of hair and nails removes impurities, gives delight, lightness, prosperity, courage and happiness”. Charaka opines, “Cutting and dressing of hair, beard, nails gave strength, vigor, vitality, life, purity and beauty”. 

Chudakarana was a religious ceremony as early as the Vedic period, consisting of wetting the hair, prayer to the razor, invitation to the barber, cutting the hair with Vedic verses and wishes for long life, prosperity, valor and even progeny of the child.

In the opinion of the Grhyasutras, the ceremony took place at the end of the first year or before the expiry of the third year. Manu too prescribes the same. Performed in 3rd year it is considered the best by the learned, in the 6th or 7th year it is ordinary but in the 10th or 11th year it is worst.

The arrangement of the top-hair or Sikha was the most important feature of the Chudakarna and made according to family tradition. The descendants of Vasistha keep only one tuff in the middle of the head, of Atri and Kashyapa two on either sides, of Bhrigu remain without a tuff, of Angiras five. Later on one tuft became universal in northern India, probability, due to its simplicity and decency, though in Deccan and South, the ancient traditions are kept alive to an extent. 

The following main features of the ceremonies can be distinguished. The first is the moistening of the head. The second is the cutting of the hair with prayers for non-injury of the child. The third is throwing away the severed hair with cow-dung. Hair is regarded as part of the body and was subject to magic and spell by enemies. The fourth is keeping of top-hair. It was a racial fashion and helped distinguish families.

Most importantly the ceremony was for the child’s long life. Is there any connectivity between life and the top-hair? Says Susruta “Inside the head near the top, is the joint of a Sira (artery) and Sandhi (a critical juncture). There is the eddy of hairs is the vital spot called Adhipati (overlord). Any injury to that part causes sudden death”. The protection of this vital part was considered necessary, hence the tuff of hairs.

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Annaprashana - 7th Shodasa Samskara

There is a popular saying in Hindi that says “jaisa ann vaisa mann” which means as “as is the food, so is the mind”. The food we eat nourishes us physically and also affects our mind.

Annaprāshana is an important ceremony performed in the sixth month. The child is fed solid food for the first time. This ceremony is done to bring good health, radiance and physical strength in the child. Relatives and friends are invited to a feast specially prepared for the occasion.

Medically speaking a child is not able to digest food for the first four to six months. So breast- feeding is essential initially. Feeding the child with solid food was the next important stage in the life of the child. After six to seven months, the child’s body was developed and required greater amount, different type of food so for the benefit of the child it was important to wean away the child from breast feeding to solid food. Thus this S was connected with the satisfaction of the physical need of the child. Endorsed by Susruta, who prescribes the weaning of a child in the sixth month and describes the type of food given. It was only later that this system of feeding the child assumed a religious shape. Food, the source of energy was to be infused into the child with the help of Gods.

According to the Grhyasutras the ceremony was performed in the sixth month after birth. Other Smritis too are of the same opinion. Laugaksi says when the teeth come out so that a child can eat solid food. The prayer was offered so that all the senses of the child are gratified so that he may live a happy and content life. But it was kept in mind that search for gratification should not violate the rules of health and morality because it would spoil the fame of man. In the end the father set apart foods of all kinds and flavors for feeding the child and fed it silently or with the syllable “Hant” (well). The ceremony terminated with the feasting of the Brahmans.


The significance of Annaprasana was this that children were weaned away from their mothers at proper time. It was a reminder to the mother the time had come for the child to have solid food as well as for her to realize that she needs to conserve her energy. Using all her energies to feed the child is of no benefit to either the child or the mother.

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Nishkramana(first outing of newborn) - 6th Shodasa Samskara

Impressions in the child’s mind are formed based on what we see and hear in this world. Nishkramana is the first outing of the child where it is shown good and auspicious symbols. This is usually done after the first month the child is born. The child is taken for a visit to the temple and shown the moon at night.

According to the Grihyasutras and the Smritis   this Samskara may take place either in the third or in the fourth month after the birth. Hindu scriptures say: "The ceremony of looking at the Sun should be performed in the third, and that of looking at the Moon in the fourth month."   Niskramana   ceremony can also be performed with the First Feeding in the opinion of Asvalayana. There are specific astrological dates when the ceremony should be performed based on the convenience of the parents, the health of the child and suitability of the weather. On the day of performing the Samskara, a square portion of the court yard, from where the sun could be seen is smeared with cow dung and clay, the sign of Swastika is made on it and grains of rice scattered by the mother.  (In olden days these were mud floors in villages which needed plaster as often as possible. Cow dung was also considered as disinfectant.)

The child is fully dressed and bejeweled and brought to the family deity in the house. Then the deity is worshipped with instrumental music. The guardians of eight directions, the sun, the moon, vasu devatas and the sky are all propitiated. Vedic scholars as well as family priest are fed and appropriate mantras are chanted. The child is carried out with sounds of conch shell (Sankha) and Vedic hymns are chanted. At the time of outing, the father repeats the Sakuntala hymn or the following verse, "Whether the child is conscious or unconscious, whether it is day or night, let all the gods led by Indra protect the child." Then the child is brought to the Pooja room or temple   to perform the worship. The child is made to bow to the deity and the priest   who in turn blesses the child for long life intelligence and health. After this the child is placed on the lap of the maternal uncle who brings it back home. The child is pampered with toys  and other gifts  with hearty blessings. Since the child is made up of five elements it is customary for the parents to propitiate these divine elements and seek blessings form them as the child gets exposed to them besides the main deities Sun  and the Moon.

In the Atharva Veda 8/2/14 it is said:

Sive te staam dyaavaaprithivee asamtaape abhisriyau | 

sam te soorya aa tapatu sam vaato vaatu te hride | 

sivaa abhi ksharantu tvaapo divyaah payasvateeh || 

O Child! At the Nishkramana ceremony may the earth and the whole world shower welfare and benevolence upon you! May the Sun shine brightly upon you! May your chest be filled with fresh life-giving air! May the divine waters quench your thirst!

It is customary to chant the mantras 

“Trayambakam Yajaamahe” and “asato maa sadgamaya” on this occasion.

Hindu scriptures say: 

Nishkramanaad-aayusho vriddhir-appyuddishtaa maneeshibhih || 

The Nishkramana ceremony aims at wishing the child a long and healthy life.

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Namakarana - 5th Shodasa Saskara

The fifth ceremony after Jatakarma ceremony is called naming ceremony(Namakarana). In this ceremony the child is given a name. All the activities in the world are carried on the basis of name. Every parent has the duty to give a nice name to the child, which reminds the child of some goal or objective in the life. 

In the Hindu Dharma, the child is frequently named after an avatar, deity, sacred place or river, saint, etc., as a constant reminder of the sacred values for which that name represents.

It is very important to select a nice name for the child; the name should be meaningful which fulfills all the desires of the child. Whenever the child hears the name he will remember the meaning and purpose hidden in it and will be inspired by its meaning.

Generally it is seen that few people keep meaningless names for their children. If the name is meaningless how can it be inspirational for the child? In the same way the child having the names of birds and animals cannot have a strong feeling within.

There are two purposes of naming the child – the first is that the name is used to address the child, and the second is that the name should raise good feelings inside the person, which reminds him of his goal. For example – Virsen denotes victory in the war, Vedvrata means a person who takes the resolution to study the Vedas. Satyavrata means one who follows truth. Such names arouse some positive feelings. Such names should not be kept which have negative role in history, for instance – Duryodhan, Shakuni, Jaychand etc. These names does not give high feeling in the child.

Names like Yudhishtir, Vishvamitra are related to high feelings. The person rises above in life with these names. This is found only in Vedic culture. Others keep meaningless names. Naming a child is very important and through this we keep a goal in front of the child.

The classical books say that the names should not begin with Ka, Kha, Cha and Chha. But the names of ancient sages contained these letters in the beginning. For example – Kapil, Charak, Parashurama, Pulast, Kutsa. These names were very popular in the Indian history but these names are contrary to the said principle. The simplest rule in this case is that the names should be simple, meaningful, easy to pronounce and reminding the goals, the other principles are secondary.

‘Sanskar Vidhi’ mentions about naming ceremony that the day and star of the child’s birth, the same day and star should be chanted and 4 offerings should be given to the lord of that day and star. In other words, one offering in the name of day, one for lord, one for star and one for the lord of the star.

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Jatakarma (Birth rituals) - 4th Shodasa Samskara

These rituals are performed at the birth of the child. It is believed that the moon has a special effect on the newly born. In addition, the constellation of the planets - nakshatras - also determine the degree of auspiciousness. If birth occurs during an inauspicious arrangement, the jatakarmas are performed to ward off their detrimental effects on the child. The father would also request the Brahmanishtha Satpurush for blessings.

The main objective of these actions is to inculcate some values in the child even while he is ignorant about their importance. The child lives in a different environment in the mother’s womb. It does not take food from the mouth and breathe through the nose. Its food is carried through the umbilical cord. The child is inside a pouch during pregnancy, which is filled with water. The child’s mouth and eyes are closed with phlegmatic substance to avoid the entry of water in the mouth and eyes. After taking birth, its mouth and nose have to be cleaned. The child looses the physical attachment with the mother and hence its mouth, ears, nose and lungs have to be cleaned to facilitate the child drink mother’s milk and breathe properly. When the child is inside the watery pouch then a type of oily pack covers the body so the watery pouch does not harm the skin in any way. After coming out of the pouch, the child is bathed to remove the oily pack from the body. All the necessary actions have to be performed after the birth of the child in order to arouse its five sensory organs. The main objective of birth ceremony is to arouse all the sensory organs. Sushrut has advised to place a little amount of ghee on the child’s tongue. Applying ghee or oil on the child’s head protects it from cold and catarrh.


In this ceremony the child is made to lick ghee and honey however the quantity should not be equal. Honey should be three times the ghee; this child should be made to lick with the help of a golden spike. Write Om on the tongue with the help of spike. This has been said in the process of ceremony. The psychologists believe that whatever the child learns till five years of his birth remains with him throughout the life. The main purpose of writing Om on his tongue is that whatever he utters will take him on the path of spirituality. The father of the child whispers in his ears -‘Vedosi’, which means you are a knowledgeable person. The birth ceremony has a spiritual and scientific importance but nowadays people are under the influence of material comforts and forgetting the importance of ceremonies. We should get back to the traditions of sages and perform all the ceremonies so that our future generation gets good qualities and values.

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Simantonayana - 3rd Shodasa Samskara

Simantonayana sanskaar (The ritual for the mental development of foetus) ‘Seemant’ - this vernacular word literally means brain, while ‘Utnayan’ literally means development.

The word Simantonayana thus acquires the meaning of - a ritual in which the mother focuses her attention to brain development of the child. The previous ritual (Punsavan sanskaar) is for physical development while this Simantonayana sanskaar caters to mental development. Every physical and mental aspect of the foetus is taken care of by virtue of both these rituals. The book 'Sanskaar Vidhi' mentions that for Simantonayana sanskaar, the husband should himself oil the wife's hair with fragrant oil, comb the hair, remove the knots, tie the hair into a nice bun and take her to the temple or hall of Yajya (where the brahmanical fire sacrifice is performed). This implies that during this time both the husband and wife should concentrate on the mental development of the child; they should realize that the child's mental development depends entirely on them and that the way they lead their intellectual lives will leave its impression on the child. 

The scripture-writers have considered the mother a mould in which the parents can cast the child exactly the way they want him/her to be. If care is not taken during this time, then after the child's birth, the good or bad external environment starts having a profound effect. The implication of Simantonayana sanskaar directs the parents' attention to the child's mental development. The best time for this ritual is when the brain-cells of the fetus start forming. Shaareer Sthaan of Sushrut mentions: In the fifth month, the mind is quite awake, in the sixth the intellect and in the seventh there is manifestation of organs. In the eighth month, the element of oj (one of the eight essential elements of the body) is not stably formed. A child born in the eighth month, often, does not survive. This makes it clear that according to Sushrut, the child in a womb of five months develops a more aroused mind than in the fourth month when the brain only starts forming. This is the reason why the Simantonayana sanskaar is performed in the fourth month. The sole purpose of this ritual is that the mother should completely understand that from this point on, she owns responsibility for her child's mental development. Whatever she does from now on, should be done with the knowledge that every thought of hers is unconsciously affecting the child taking shape within her. If not performed in the fourth month, the ritual can be carried out in the sixth month or even eighth month. One of these three months (fourth, sixth, eighth) should be chosen for Simantonayana sanskaar. The fourth suits because during this month, the formation of brain cells begins. The sixth suits as during the sixth month, the first origin of intelligence can be traced and eighth is suitable because by that time, the body, mind, brain and heart of the foetus are all ready. This is the time when the woman is called 'twin-hearted' as two hearts work simultaneously. So in this situation, the mother should pay special attention to maintain the functionality of the child's body, mind, brain and heart as the child delivered in eighth month rarely survives. 

The lack of desire for any particular thing on part of the pregnant woman leads to a disinclination of the child too for the same thing. Similarly, whatever the mother desires for, the child also starts desiring for the same. The framers of the system of rituals strongly held that the mother's impressions have an allround effect on the child and therefore, Simantonayana sanskaar was given a significant place. Manusmriti (Chapter 9, verse 9) says: The kind of image a pregnant woman draws in her mind is similar to the kind of the child she bears. So, for an excellent offspring equipped with supreme impressions, the woman should be kept in a conducive environment.

Simantonnayana is a family and a community festival with prayers seeking safe birth of the child. Special invocations are made seeking blessings for the couple, and particularly seeking the birth of a child who will have all qualities of nobility and high intellect. Appropriate hymns are recited by the priest and musical instruments are also played on the occasion. The elderly ladies shower blessings on the mother-to-be with the following:

ॐ वीरसूस्त्वं भव, जीवसृस्त्वं भव, जीवपत्नी त्वं भव।

om vīrasūstvaṁ bhava, jīvasṛstvaṁ bhava, jīvapatnī tvaṁ bhava.

May you give birth to a brave child, you give birth to a living child, and you remain the wife of a living husband.

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Pumsavana - 2nd Shodasa Samskara

All conscious parents wish that the child in the womb - whether son or daughter - should be full of strength and vigor; should be healthy, disease-free, long-lived, intelligent and goodlooking. The second ritual - the Punsavan sanskaar - is performed with this objective, two to three months after the foetus is placed in the mother's womb. Once pregnant, the mother has to take precautions for the protection, growth and development of the womb. The scripture 'Charak' in the Ayurveda contains detailed instruction on this topic. 

For instance, certain things that could dehydrate the womb, flow it out or kill the fetus are: squatting with the feet flat on the ground, walking around on uneven land, sitting on a hard or rigid base, resisting the pressure of motion, urination or gas, laboring hard, consuming hot or strong food items and remaining too hungry. [Source: Charak Sanhita, ShaareerSthaan- 8/21] Getting hurt, the squeezing of the womb in any manner or looking at a deep pit, a well or the fearsome spots of mountains can result in miscarriage. Too much movement of the pregnant woman's body, a ride on bullock-cart or some such vehicle, loud noise or unpleasant words can also result in miscarriage. Always lying down straight on the back can cause the cord to wrap around the neck of the fetus, thus killing it. [Source: Charak Sanhita, ShaareerSthaan - 6/21].

If the pregnant woman sleeps nude or keeps roaming around, the ensuing offspring could be insane. An extremely quarrelsome pregnant woman could have an epileptic child. If she is too obsessed with sex, the offspring would be lustful and lascivious. If she is forever mournful, the child would be fearful, weak, short-lived. If she is desirous of others' wealth, she would produce a jealous, thievish, lazy, rebellious, wicked child. If she remains angry, the child would be ill-tempered, deceptive and a backbiter. If she is too much of a sleeper, her offspring will be lazy and stupid having indigestion problems. If she drinks alcohol, her child would be restless. If she has too much of a sweet intake, the child would be diabetic; with excess of sour intake, the child would have dermatological problems; excess of salt intake would result in child's hair turning grey prematurely, wrinkling of face and balding; too much intake of spicy, pungent food could produce a weak, semifertile, infertile or a homosexual child. Extremely bitter intake could result in a child with a feeble, emaciated body. [Source: Charak Sanhita, Shaareer Sthaan - 8/21]

Right from the first day, a pregnant woman should remain happy, adorn herself with pure jewels, wear white clothes, have a peaceful mind, wish well for everyone and be devoted to Ishwara and saints. She should abstain from touching soiled, distorted or inferior organs. She should stay away from stinking places and unpleasant sites. She should avoid listening to things that cause uneasiness or restlessness. She should not partake of dry, stale or rotten food. She should shun going outdoors, visiting an unoccupied house or cremation grounds, staying under a tree, getting cross or sulking, being untoward, yelling etc. She should avoid all those things that could harm her womb and its occupant [Source: Charak Sanhita] 

She should not use any intoxicant, should not climb for a ride, should not eat meat, abandon the things which the senses are not desirous of and comply with the learned women of the neighborhood or family [Source: Charak Sanhita]. All that is written above implies that when the child is in the womb, everything that the mother does, contributes towards the child's constitution. Keeping in mind the physical development of the offspring, it is therefore, the mother's duty to regulate her eating-drinking habits, her lifestyle and behavior in such a manner that it leaves no adverse effect on the child. If any organ of the pregnant woman hurts owing to a physical defect, the wombplaced chills starts experiencing a hurting sensation in the same [Source: Sushrut, Shaareer Sthaan - 3/16].

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Garbhadan (Conception) - 1st Shodasa Samskara

'Garbha' means womb. 'Dan' means donation. In this the man places his seed in a woman. The Gruhyasutras and Smrutis advocate special conditions and observances for this, to ensure healthy and intelligent progeny. Procreation of children was regarded as necessary for paying off debts to the forefathers. 

Another reason for having progeny is given in the Taittiriya Upanishad. When the student ends his Vedic studies, he requests permission to leave from his teacher (see Samskara 14). The teacher then blesses him with some advice which he should imbibe for life. 

One of the commands is: "Prajaatantu ma vyavyachchhetseehi..." (Shikshavalli, Anuvak 11.11) "Do not terminate one's lineage - let it continue (by having children)."

According to Ayurveda, for conception, the minimum age of the man should be 25 years and that of the woman should be 18 years. It is considered even better if the age is even higher because prior to age 25, a man's semen and prior to age 18, a woman's ova and uterus, are underdeveloped. In this immature state, conception cannot lead to the production of a superior offspring. 

By Vedic belief, a couple can willfully (obeying the directions given in the scriptures) acquire a strong, beautiful, intellectual, dignified, dispassionate offspring possessed with good impressions. For this, it is necessary to follow certain pre-requisites like continence, healthy and pure diet, regular study of scriptures and of self, excellent company, a strict routine, contemplation etc. 

Scriptures based on the subject of Ayurveda contain a detailed description of these things. One should have a look at them. It is said that when, after marriage, Sri Krishna asked his wife Rukmani what she wanted, she replied that she longed for a child like him. Lord Krishna explained that for this, both he and Rukmani would have to practice continence for 12 years in isolation. They did so. And then was born the child, Pradyumn, who possessed qualities similar to Sri Krishna. Those 12 years had been spent for strengthening of the sexual fluids, development of excellent impressions and other such qualities. This clarifies that the physical as well as the mental condition of parents before conception and during fertilization has a profound effect on the impending jIvAtma. 

Keeping this in mind, saints have assigned several types of methodical directions. Besides the states mentioned above, the actual 10-month duration of pregnancy is also very important as the impressions incorporated in this tenure can diminish the impressions of several previous births. For instance, if some grass twigs are kept next to a case of saffron, they too acquire the fragrance of saffron in a few days. On the other hand, if a box of saffron - containing sweets is placed inside a basket of onions for a few days, the sweets acquire the foul odor of onions. The impressions once cast upon the child in womb during pregnancy are very difficult to change later.

Chants for Expectant Couples:

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Shodasa Samskaras - The 16 main rituals of a Hindu's life and their significance

Since eternity man has strived to improve his own self. This realization, unique only to mankind, has led him to think deeper about his physical, mental and spiritual well being. Towards this end, the Vedic seers prescribed a set of observances, known as Samskaras. (Though pronounced Sanskaras in Gujarati, we shall use the original Sanskrit form.)

The nearest English word for samskara is sacrament, related to the phrase 'rite of passage'. In the Oxford English Dictionary, sacrament is defined as a "religious ceremony or act regarded as an outward and visible sign of inward or spiritual grace." In classical Sanskrit literature texts, such as Raghuvamsha, Kumarsambhava, Abhijnan-Shakuntal, Hitopadesha and Manu Smruti, samskara is used to mean: education, cultivation, training, refinement, perfection, grammatical purity, polishing, embellishment, decoration, a purificatory rite, a sacred rite, consecration, sanctification, effect of past actions (karmas), merit of karmas, etc.

A general definition of samskara, encompassing nearly all of the above is "to improve upon something while removing its undesirable attributes."

Purpose of Samskaras

1. Cultural. The variety of rites and rituals related to the samskaras help in the formation and development of personality. In the Parashar Smruti it is said, "Just as a picture is painted with various colors, so the character of a person is formed by undergoing various samskaras." Thus, the Hindu sages realised the need of consciously guiding and molding the character of individuals, instead of letting them grow in a haphazard manner.
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2. Spiritual. According to the seers, samskaras impart a higher sanctity to life. Impurities associated with the material body are eradicated by performing samskaras. The whole body is consecrated and made a fit dwelling place for the atma. According to the Atri Smruti a man is born a Shudra; by performing the Upanayana Samskara he becomes a Dvija (twice born); by acquiring the Vedic lore he becomes a Vipra (an inspired poet); and by realising Brahman (God) he becomes a Brahmin. The
   
   samskaras are a form of spiritual endeavor (sadhana) - an external discipline for internal spiritual edification. Thus, the entire life of a Hindu is one grand sacrament. The Isha Upanishad reveals that the final goal of the samskaras, by observing the rites and rituals is "to transcend the bondage of samsara and cross the ocean of death." To this we can add that after transcending the cycle of births and deaths, the atma attains Paramatma - the Lord Purushottam.

Although the number of samskaras prescribed by various scriptures vary, we shall consider the sixteen that are a consensus among scholars:

• Garbhādhāna Conception
• Pumsavana Fetus protection
• Simantonayana Satisfying the cravings of the pregnant mother
• Jātakarma Child Birth
• Nāmakarana Naming the child
• Nishkramana Taking the child outdoors for the first time
• Annaprāshana First feeding of solid food
• Chudakarma (or Chaul) Shaving of head
• Karnavedha Piercing the earlobes
• Vidyārambha Learning the alphabet - or initiation of learing
• Upanayana Sacred thread initiation
• Vedārambha Beginning Vedic study
• Keshānta(Godāna) Shaving the beard
• Samāvartana End of studentship
• Vivāha Marriage Ceremony
• Antyeshti Death Rites

Related Books:

16 Hindu Samskaras by  PROF. SHRIKANT PRASOON

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Hindu Samskaras A study of sacraments by Pandey Rajbali

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हिन्दू धर्म के सोलह संस्कार by SACHCHIDANAND SHUKLA

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हिन्दू सोलह संस्कार - वैज्ञानिक आधार by K.K. Publications

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